Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and developm nt investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens

A multi-functional planar lightwave circuit for optical signal processing applications

Ultrafast optical signal processing is now a necessary tool in several domains of science and technology such as high-speed telecommunication, biomedicine, microscopy and radar systems. Optical arbitrary waveform generation is an optical signal processing function which has applications in optical telecommunication networks, sampling, and photonically-assisted RF waveform generation. Furthermore, performing optical signal processing in photonic integrated circuits is crucial for system integration and overcoming the speed limitations in electrical to optical conversion. In this thesis, we introduce a silica-based planar lightwave circuit which performs several optical signal processing functions.We start by reviewing the material system used to fabricate the device. We justify the choice of the material for our application and explain the fabrication process and the experiments to characterize the device. Then we introduce the fundamental theory of our device which is based on pulse repetition rate multiplication (PRRM) and shaping. We review the theory of direct time-domain approach to perform the PRRM and shaping. Experiments to measure the impulse response of the device, perform PRRM and polarization dependence characterization is shown as well.Three main applications of our device is presented next. First we use the PLC device with non-linear optics to generate multiple pulse trains at different wavelengths and different repetition rates. Second, we use the fundamental of the previous application to perform demultiplexing of optical time division multiplexed signals. Our approach is flexible in a sense that it can demultiplex any tributary channel of lower rate data, also it works for both amplitude and phase modulated data.Finally, using the second generation of our PLC device, we photonically generate radio frequency waveforms. We are able to generate various pulse shapes which are generally hard to generate using electronics at frequencies up to 80 GHz. We believe our PLC device which has the capability of performing several optical signal processing functions in one chip, is a major contribution to the integrated optical signal processing domain.Le traitement ultra-rapide du signal optique est présentement un outil nécessaire dans plusieurs domaines de la science et de la technologie tels que dans la télécommunication haute vitesse, la biomédecine, la microscopie et les systèmes radar. Génération optique de signaux arbitraires est une fonction traitement de signal optique qui a des applications dans les réseaux optiques de télécommunication, l'échantillonnage, et génération d'onde RF assistée par photonique. En outre, effectuer un traitement du signal optique dans des circuits intégrés photoniques est essentiel pour l'intégration du système et pour surmonter les limitations de vitesse dans la conversion entre les équipements électriques et optiques. Dans cette thèse, nous introduisons une circuit de base de silice planaire qui réalise plusieurs fonctions optiques de traitement du signal. Nous commençons par examiner le système de matériau utilisé pour la fabrication de l'instrument. Nous justifions le choix de la matière pour notre application et nous expliquons le processus de fabrication et les expérimentes pour caractériser l'instrument. Puis, nous introduisons la théorie fondamentale de notre instrument qui repose sur la multiplication du taux de répétition d'impulsion (PRRM) et sur la formation. Nous passons en revue la théorie de l'approche directe dans le domaine temporel pour réaliser la démarche PRRM et le formation. Les expérimentes pour mesurer la réponse impulsionnelle de l'instrument, et pour achever PRRM et la caractérisation de la dépendance en polarisation sont ainsi représentés. Trois applications principales de notre instrument sont présentées ci-après. Nous avons d'abord utiliser l'instrument circuit optique planaire (COP) avec l'optique non-linéaire afin de générer des trains d'impulsions multiples à différentes longueurs d'onde et à différents taux de répétition. Deuxièmement, nous utilisons la fondamentale des résultats précédents pour effectuer le démultiplexage de division temporel des signaux optique multiplexés. Notre approche est flexible dans un sens qu'il peut démultiplexer n'importe quel canal de données sur les vitesses plus faible, aussi elle fonctionne à la fois pour les données modulés en amplitude et en phase. Enfin, en utilisant la deuxième génération de notre instrument COP, nous générons photoniquement des formes d'ondes de radiofréquence. Nous sommes en mesure de générer des formes d'impulsions diverses qui sont généralement difficiles à générer à l'aide de l'électronique aux fréquences jusqu'à 80 GHz. Nous croyons que notre instrument de COP qui a la capacité de réaliser plusieurs fonctions de traitement du signal optique dans une seule puce, est une contribution majeure au domaine intégré de traitement du signal optique

Virtual Machine Migration over Optical Circuit Switching Network in a Converged Inter/Intra Data Center Architecture

Abstract: We present a novel converged inter/intra data center architecture using optical-circuit-switching over metro-scale distances. A Software Defined Network (SDN) control-plane provides connectivity between the application and data-plane layers. Virtual-machine migration over 50km is experimentally demonstrated. OCIS codes: (060.4254) Networks, Circuit-switched, (200.4650) Optical Interconnects. 1

Power Excursion Reduction in Flex-Grid Optical Networks with Symbol Rate Adaptation

International audienceIn this work, we propose a new use-case of symbol rate adaptation in Flex-Grid optical networks. We demonstrate that symbol rate adaptation of variable rate transponders can mitigate optical power excursion after spectrum defragmentation

Tunable Lattice-Form Mach-Zehnder Interferometer For Arbitrary Binary Code Generation At 40 Ghz

We use the direct temporal domain approach to design spectrally periodic optical filters for pulse repetition rate multiplication (PRRM) with envelope shaping. In particular, we demonstrate a tunable lattice-form MachZehnder interferometer using Silica-based planar lightwave circuit (PLC) for arbitrary 4-bit binary amplitude code generation at 40 GHz and to increase the repetition rate of a 10 GHz input pulse train to 20 GHz or 40 GHz. In addition to PRRM and envelope shaping, the device also has the capability of arbitrary phase coding. © 2006 IEEE

Tunable Lattice-Form Mach-Zehnder Interferometer For Arbitrary Binary Code Generation At 40 Ghz

We use the direct temporal domain approach to design spectrally periodic optical filters for pulse repetition rate multiplication (PRRM) with envelope shaping. In particular, we demonstrate a tunable lattice-form Mach-Zehnder interferometer using Silica-based planar lightwave circuit (PLC) for arbitrary 4-bit binary amplitude code generation at 40 GHz and to increase the repetition rate of a 10 GHz input pulse train to 20 GHz or 40 GHz. In addition to PRRM and envelope shaping, the device also has the capability of arbitrary phase coding. © 2010 IEEE

Dynamic mitigation of EDFA power excursions with machine learning

International audienceDynamic optical networking has promising potential to support the rapidly changing traffic demands in metro and long-haul networks. However, the improvement in dynamicity is hindered by wavelength-dependent power excursions in gain-controlled erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA) when channels change rapidly. We introduce a general approach that leverages machine learning (ML) to characterize and mitigate the power excursions of EDFA systems with different equipment and scales. An ML engine is developed and experimentally validated to show accurate predictions of the power dynamics in cascaded EDFAs. Recommended channel provisioning based on the ML predictions achieves within 1% error of the lowest possible power excursion over 94% of the time. We also showcase significant mitigation of EDFA power excursions in super-channel provisioning when compared to the first-fit wavelength assignment algorith